Antitussives: List of Examples, Functions, Adverse Reactions, and Additional Details
In the battle against persistent coughs, understanding the right medications and their uses can make a significant difference. Here's a guide to some of the most effective antitussives for both acute and chronic coughs.
When taking oral medications, it's crucial to follow instructions from a doctor or pharmacist. Two commonly prescribed antitussives are dextromethorphan and codeine, while over-the-counter options may include benzonatate and guaifenesin.
Dextromethorphan, the most widely used over-the-counter cough suppressant, is particularly effective for dry, non-productive coughs. It works by controlling the cough reflex and is recommended for short-term relief, including in older adults with bronchitis.
Benzonatate, on the other hand, anesthetizes cough receptors in the respiratory tract to reduce the cough reflex. It is also used for symptomatic relief of coughs.
For coughs involving significant mucus production, guaifenesin, an expectorant, is often combined with an antitussive like dextromethorphan to both suppress cough and help clear mucus.
However, it's important to note that side effects can occur with these antitussives. Dextromethorphan can cause dizziness, nausea, and drowsiness in high doses, while benzonatate may lead to sedation, headache, constipation, and skin rash, among other side effects. Guaifenesin is generally safe when used appropriately, with few serious risks.
For children, topical rubs and honey may be effective methods to help with coughing. Honey, in particular, can provide relief by coating the throat and preventing coughing, making it a suitable option for adults and children over 1 year old.
Codeine, another type of antitussive, can cause a range of side effects, including constipation, pruritus, sedation, fatigue, and may have other serious side effects. Due to ineffectiveness and potential side effects, antitussives are not approved for use in children or people under 18 in the United States.
Topical versions of antitussives, such as camphor and menthol, may help alleviate symptoms of the common cold, including coughing. However, these topical solutions may cause irritation to the skin or an allergic reaction.
In summary, for acute dry coughs, dextromethorphan or benzonatate are effective choices. For coughs with mucus, combining an antitussive (like dextromethorphan) with an expectorant (guaifenesin) is beneficial. Side effects vary but are generally mild; however, benzonatate must be swallowed whole to avoid serious adverse effects.
It's essential to contact a doctor if a person experiences any new, persistent, or severe side effects. Always follow dosing instructions carefully, and remember that doses and dosages for oral medications can vary. If your cough persists for more than 2 weeks or worsens even with treatment, it's also advisable to seek medical advice.
[1] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4778541/ [2] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3835409/ [3] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4829483/ [4] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4874778/ [5] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4829483/
