Ensuring coal workers' support during China's energy change requires an inclusive transformation process

In the heart of China's coal-mining industry, Shanxi province, residents have shown support for the government's dual-carbon targets, yet understanding of key terms such as "peak carbon" and "carbon neutrality" remains modest. A survey conducted by the Mercator Institute for China Studies (MERICS) revealed that 72.9% of Shanxi residents back the targets, but only 50% could accurately define these terms.

The transition away from coal is a contentious issue, particularly for those employed in the industry. According to the survey, 66% of coal industry workers believe the transition will lead to the closure of many coal mines, compared to 54.8% of others. Concerns about the impact on their household's economic circumstances are also prevalent, with 40.3% of coal worker respondents agreeing that the transition will have a negative effect.

However, a reasonable and incremental energy-transition policy could help alleviate these concerns. Such a policy would allow the public to participate in the process, enhancing the perceived reasonableness, legitimacy, and fairness of the transition.

The survey also found that interviewees associated with the coal industry feel the transition is not currently fair enough nor adequately informed about it. In addition, non-managerial staff at big coal firms have few opportunities to learn about their employer's progress on decarbonisation.

Lacking basic information on the transition, there is little scope for people to participate in policy setting and implementation. This is a concern, as policymakers need to take note of the public's lack of understanding of the intrinsic connection between climate change and the energy transition, and how it will impact them.

Despite these challenges, there is optimism among the younger generation. The under-25s, the group with the best understanding of climate issues, was particularly keen to see a just transition.

The provincial government's official WeChat account published a glossary of 36 key terms in 2024, with "just transition" as the first one featured. This move indicates a recognition of the need for transparency and fairness in the transition process.

Moreover, 59.7% of Shanxi residents surveyed believe the energy transition will bring new jobs. This sentiment is reflected in the strong support for the expansion of solar and wind power industries, with 77.5% and 76.9% of respondents in favour, respectively.

The survey also found that 10.2% of Shanxi residents correctly identified that China's emissions have reduced after years of policy to cut emissions and save energy. This suggests that education and awareness campaigns could be effective in increasing the public's understanding of the energy transition and its benefits.

In conclusion, while the energy transition in Shanxi faces challenges, there is support from the majority of residents. To ensure a smooth and fair transition, policymakers must prioritise education, transparency, and participation.

Ensuring coal workers' support during China's energy change requires an inclusive transformation process