Five Oceans now recognized globally, with the latest addition unveiled

In a groundbreaking move, the National Geographic Society officially recognized the Southern Ocean as the world's fifth ocean in 2021. This decision marks a significant shift from the historical recognition of only four oceans - the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Arctic Oceans.

The Southern Ocean, which encircles Antarctica, is defined by the powerful current that flows around the continent. It is centered at a latitude of 60 degrees south, marking the northern boundary of the Southern Ocean. The waters within this ocean are colder and less salty than those to the north.

The recognition of the Southern Ocean by the National Geographic Society comes amidst concerns about its health. Antarctica's waters are warming, and its ice sheets are melting due to climate change. The effects of these changes on the Southern Ocean are uncertain, but it is hoped that the recognition will raise awareness for this ecologically distinct ecosystem.

The National Geographic Society has been making maps for over a century and generally follows the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) when it comes to marine nomenclature. However, the recognition of the Southern Ocean marks a break from this tradition. The IHO has yet to agree on the proposed boundaries of the Southern Ocean, which were presented to them in 2000.

The U.S. Board of Geographic Names recognized the Southern Ocean and approved its name in 1999, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) followed suit in February 2021. The recognition by the National Geographic Society is hoped to promote much-needed conservation efforts, due to issues with industrial fishing in the Southern Ocean. It is also hoped to raise awareness for the world's newest ocean.

An earlier version of this article was published in June 2021. The National Geographic Society employs geographers to oversee all changes made to every map published since the 1970s, ensuring that their maps remain accurate and up-to-date. The recognition of the Southern Ocean as the world's fifth ocean is a testament to their commitment to accurate and comprehensive mapping.