The Role of Language in Unraveling the Origins of the Hungry Ghost Festival, Tracing its Links to Buddhism and Daoism
The seventh month of the lunar calendar, known as Ghost Month (鬼月) or Cantonese gwái yuht, has begun in East and Southeast Asia. This month holds significant cultural importance, as it is a period when spirits are permitted to roam the earth.
During Ghost Month, spirits, including those of deceased ancestors and other restless spirits, are allowed to cross over into the human realm. This belief is rooted in both Daoist and Buddhist traditions, and the Hungry Ghost Festival is celebrated to regain their favour.
The Hungry Ghost Festival is particularly significant on the 15th day of the seventh month, a day that marks the birthday of the ruler of earth in Daoist belief, known as the "King of the Underworld" or "Yan Wang" (Yama). On this day, the ruler of earth comes to earth to judge the deeds of the living.
In traditional Daoist mythology, the three realms - heaven, earth, and water - are ruled by deities who determine mankind's fate. The Hungry Ghost Festival is celebrated to appease these deities and the ruler of earth, who is believed to be the one who pardons sins.
Festive practices during Ghost Month and the Hungry Ghost Festival are performed to demonstrate filial piety and appease restless spirits in need of honour. These practices often include offerings of food, drink, and incense, as well as the burning of joss paper, which is believed to provide the spirits with material goods in the afterlife.
The Hungry Ghost Festival is known by various names, such as Zhongyuan Jie in Mandarin. It is a time when people show respect and gratitude to their ancestors and other deities, and it serves as a reminder to lead virtuous lives and honour one's ancestors.
As the Ghost Month continues, it is important to remember the cultural significance of these practices and the importance of respecting and honouring the spirits during this time. The festivities serve as a unique and fascinating glimpse into the rich cultural heritage and beliefs of East and Southeast Asia.
